Melloul-Blamey Construction funded the study, which chairman Bernard Melloul calls ground-breaking research.

“It removes any uncertainty about the theoretical link between dog waste and water quality, and the possible harm this has on marine life.” he said.
It's estimated in 2018, Canada's dogs generated over one million tonnes of waste --- 400,000 tonnes became direct land or marine pollution.

The study also points out due to dogs' stomach enzymes and diets, their waste is different from that of wild animals, containing incredibly high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as high levels of bacteria including E. coli and parasites.